What specific vulnerabilities did the memcached attack leverage?

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Grade: Education Subject: Ddos
What specific vulnerabilities did the memcached attack leverage?
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The memcached attack leveraged misconfigured memcached servers that were exposed to the public internet without proper authentication or access controls. By sending a small UDP packet with a spoofed source IP address (GitHub's), attackers could trick these open memcached servers into sending very large responses to the target, effectively using them as unwitting amplifiers in the attack.